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Simile Oxymoron
The intensification of some Oxymoron is a combination of two
features of the concept in words (mostly an adjective and a
question is realized in a devicenoun or an adverb with an
called simile. S. must not be adjective) in which the meanings
confused with ordinary of the two clash, being opposite
comparison. They represent two in sense,
diverse processes. C. means E.g.: low skyscraper; sweet
weighing two objects belonging sorrow; pleasantly ugly face
to one class of things with the The essence of oxymoron consists
purpose of establishing the in the capacity of the primary
degree of their sameness or meaning of the adjective or
difference. To use S. is to adverb to resist for some time
characterize one object by the overwhelming power of
bringing it into contact with semantic change which words
another object belonging to an undegro in combination. The
entirely different class of forcible combination of
things. C. takes into non-combinative words seems to
consideration all the propertiesdevelop what may be called a
of the two objects, stressing kind of centrifugal force which
the one that is compared. S. keeps them apart, in contrast to
excludes all the properties of ordinary word combinations where
the two objects except one whichcentripetal force is in action.
is made common to them. In oxymoron the logical meaning
E. g. ‘The boy seems to be as holds fast because there is no
clever as his mother true word combination, only the
It is ordinary comparison. ‘Boy’juxtaposition of two
and ‘Mother’ belong to the same non-combinative words. But we
class of objects – human beings may notice a peculiar change in
– and only one quality is being the meaning of the qualifying
stressed to find the word. It assumes a new life in
resemblance. oxymoron, definitely indicative
‘Maidens, like moths, are ever of assessing tendency in the
caught by glare,’ writer’s mind.
It is simile. ‘Maidens’ and E. g. (O. Henry) “I despise its
‘moths’ belong to different very vastness and power. It has
classes of objects and Byron hasthe poorest millionaires, the
found the concept ‘moth’ to littlest great men, the
indicate one of the secondary haughtiest beggars, the plainest
features of the concept beauties, the lowest
‘maiden’, i. e., to be easily skyscrapers, the dolefulest
lured. Concept ‘Maidens’ is pleasures of any town I eve
characterized and the concept seen.”
‘moths’ characterizing. Even the superlative degree of
Similes have formal elements in the adjectives fails to
their structure: connective extinguish the primary meaning
words such as like, as, such as,of the adjectives: poor, little,
as if, seem. haughty, etc. But by some inner
Similes may suggest analogies inlaw of word combinations they
the character of actions also show the attitude of the
performed. In this case the two speaker, reinforced, of course,
members of the structural designby the preceding sentence: “I
of this simile will resemble despise its very vastness and
each other trough the actions power.”
they perform. Thus: Oxymoron as a rule has one
“The Liberals have plunged for structural model: adjective +
entry without considering its noun. It is in this structural
effects, while Labour leaders model that the resistance of the
like cautious bathers have put atwo component parts to fusion
timorous toe into the water and into one unit manifests itself
promptly withdrawn it.” most strongly. In the adverb +
The simile in this passage from adjective model the change of
newspaper’s article is based on meaning in the first element,
the simultaneous realization of the adverb, is more rapid,
the two meanings of the word resistance to the unifying
‘plunged’. The primary meaning process not being so strong
‘to through oneself into the Not every combination of words
water’ – prompted the figurativewhich we called non-combinative
periphrasis ‘have put a timorousshould be regarded as oxymoron,
toe into the water and promptly because new meaning developed in
withdrawn it’ standing for ‘havenew combinations do not
abstained from taking action’. necessarily give rise to
In the English language, there opposition.
is a long list of hackneyed
similes pointing out the analogy
between the various qualities,
states or actions of human being
and animals: busy as a bee,
blind as a bat, to work like a
hors, to fly like a bird,
thirsty as a camel. These
combinations have become
cliches.
Irony Metonymy
Irony is stylistic device based Metonymy is based on different
on the simultaneous realization types of relation between the
of two logical meanings – dictionary and contextual
dictionary and contextual, but meanings, a relation based not
the two meanings stand in on affinity, but on some kind of
opposition to each other. association connecting the two
E.g. “It must be delightful to concepts which these meanings
find oneself in a foreign represent.
country Thus the word “crown” may stand
without a penny in one’s for “king or queen”, “cup or
pocket.” glass” for the “drink it
The word “delightful” acquires acontains” These examples of
meaning quite the opposite to metonymy are traditional. In
its primary dictionary meaning, fact they are derivative logical
that is “unpleasant”. meanings and therefore fixed in
Irony must not be confused with dictionaries, there is usually a
humor, although they have very label “fig”. This shows that new
much in common. Humor always meaning not entirely replaced
causes laughter. What is funny the primary one, but, as it
must come as sudden clash of thewere, co-exists with it.
positive an the negative. In Contextual metonymy is used in
this respect irony can be speech. It is genuine metonymy
likened to humor. But the and reveals a quite unexpected
function of irony is not substitution of one word, or
confined to producing a humorouseven concept for another, on the
effect. In a sentence like “How ground of some strong impression
clever of you” where, due to theproduced by a chance feature of
intonation pattern, the word the thing.
“clever” conveys a sense E.g. “Then they came in. Two of
opposite to its literal them, a man with long fair
signification, the irony does moustaches
not cause a ludicrous effect. Itand a silent dark man…
rather expresses a feeling of Definitely, the moustache and I
irritation, displeasure, pity orhad nothing in common.”
regret Here we have a feature of a man
Richard Altick says, “The effectwhich catches the eye, in this
of irony lies in the striking case his facial appearance: the
disparity between what is said moustache stands for himself.
and what is meant.” This The function of the metonymy
“striking disparity” is achievedhere is to indicate that the
trough the intentional interplayspeaker knows nothing of the
of the two meanings, which are man, moreover there is a
in opposition to each other. definite implication that this
We must also take into is the first time the speaker
consideration that irony is has seen him.
generally used to convey a Metonymy and metaphor differs in
negative meaning. Therefore onlythe way they are deciphered. In
positive concepts may be used inthis process of disclosing the
their logical dictionary meaning in a metaphor, one image
meanings. excludes the other, that is the
metaphor “lamp” in the “The sky
lamp of the night” when
deciphered, means the moon, and
though there is a definite
interplay of meanings, we
perceive only one object, the
moon. This is not the case with
metonymy. Metonymy, while
presenting one object to our
mind does not exclude the other.
In the example given above the
moustache and the man himself
are both perceived by the mind.
Mane attempts have been made to
pinpoint the types of relation
which metonymy is based on.
Among them the following are
most common:
A concrete thing used instead of
an abstract notion. In this case
the thing becomes a symbol of
the notion. E.g. “The camp, the
pulpit and the law For rich
men’s sons are free.”
The container instead of the
thing contained: E. g. “The hall
applauded.”
The relation of proximity: E. g.
“The round game table was
boisterous and happy.”
The material instead of the
thing made of it: E. g. “The
marble spoke.”
The instrument which the doer
uses in performing the action
instead of the action or the
doer himself: E. g. “as the
sword is the worst argument that
can be used, so should it be the
last.”
Chiasmus Polysyndeton
Chiasmus belongs to the group ofPolysyndeton is the stylistic
stylistic devices based on the device of connecting sentences
repetition of syntactical or phrases or syntagms or words
pattern, but it has a cross by using connectives (mostly
order of words and phrases. The conjunctions and prepositions)
structure of two successive before each component part.
sentences or parts of a sentenceE. g. “Should you ask me, whence
may be described as reversed these stories?
parallel construction, the word Whence these legends and
order of one the sentences beingtraditions,
inverted as compared to that of With the odours of the forest,
the other: With the dew, and damp of
E. g. “Down dropped the breeze, meadows,
The sails dropped down.” With the curling smoke of
The device is effective in that wigwams
it helps to lay stress on the With the rushing of great
second part of the utterance, rivers,
which is opposite in structure With their frequent
Chiasmus can appear only when repetitions,…”
there are two successive The repetition of conjunctions
sentences or coordinate parts ofand other means of connection
a sentence makes an utterance more
Syntactical chiasmus is somtimesrhythmical; so much so that
used to break the monotony of prose may even seem like verse.
parallel constructions. But So one of the functions of
whatever the purpose of polysyndeton is a rhythmical
chiasmus, it will always bring one. In addition to this ,
in some new shade of meaning or polysyndeton has a
additional emphasis on some disintegrating function. It
portion of the second part. generaly combines homogeneous
elements of thought into one
whole resembling enumeration.
But unlike enumeration, which
integrates both homogeneous and
heterogeneous elements into one
whole, polysyndeton causes each
member of a string of facts to
stand out conspicuously. That is
why we say that polysyndeton has
a disintegrating function.
Enumeration snows the things
united: polysyndeton snows them
isolated.
Polysyndeton has also the
function of axpressing sequence:
E. g. “Then Mr. Boffin… sat
staring at a little bookcase of
Law Practic and Law Reports, And
at a window, and at an empty
blue bag…..”
Stylistic inversion Antonomasia
Stylistic inversion aims at The interplay between logical
attaching logical stress or and nominal meanings of a word
additional emotional colouring is called antonomasia. As in
to the surface meaning of the other stylistic devices based on
utterance. Therefore a specific the interaction of lexical
intonation pattern is the meanings, the two kinds of
inevitable satellite of meanings must be realized in the
inversion word simultaneously.
Stylistic inversion in Modern E. g. “Society is now one
English is the practical polished horde,
realization of what is potentialForm’d of two mighty tribes, the
in the language itself. Bores and Bored.”
The following patterns of In this example of use
stylistic inversion are most antonomasia the nominal meaning
frequently met in both English is hardly perceived, the logical
prose and poetry: meaning of the words “bores” and
The object is placed at the “bored” being to strong. It is
beginning of the sentence: very important to note that this
“Talent Mr. Micawber has; stylistic device is mainly
capital Mr. Micawber has not.” realized in the written
The attribute is placed after language, because sometimes
the word it modifies. This modelcapital letters are the only
is often used when there is moresignals of the stylistic device.
than one attribute: “With But there is another point that
fingers weary and worn…” should be mentioned. Most proper
The predicative is placed beforenames are built in some law of
the subject: “A good generuos analogy. Many of them end in
prayer it was” “-son” (as Johnson) or “-er” (as
The predicative stands before Fletcher). We easily recognize
the link verb and both are such words as Smith, White,
placed before the subject: “RudeBrown, Green, Fowler and others
am I in my speech…” as proper names. But such names
The adverbial modifier is placedas: Miss Blue-Eyes or Scrooge or
at the beginning of the Mr. Zero may be called token
sentence: “My dearest daughter, names. They give information to
at your feet I fall.” the reader about the bearer of
Both modifier and predicate the name.
stand before the subject: “Down Antonomasia is intended to point
dropped the breeze…” out the leading, most
characteristic feature or event,
at the same time pinning the
this leading trait as a proper
name to the person or event
concerned.
Antonomasia is much favoured
device in the belles-lettres
style.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is deliberate
overstatement or exaggeration,
the aim of which is to intensify
one of the features of the
object in question to such a
degree as will show its utter
absurdity.
E. g. “And this maiden she lived
with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by
me.”
Like many stylistic devices,
hyperbole may lose its quality
as a stylistic device through
frequent repetition and become a
unit of the
language-as-a-system, reproduced
in speech in its unaltered form.
Here are some examples of
language hyperbole: ‘a thousand
pardons’; ‘scared to death’;
‘I’d give the world to see him’
Epithet Litotes
The epithet is a stylistic Litotes is a stylistic device
device based on the interplay ofconsisting of a peculiar use of
emotive and logical meaning in negative constructions. The
an attributive word, phrase or negation plus noun or adjective
even sentence, used to serves to establish a positive
characterise an object and feature in a person or thing.
pointing out to the reader, and This pisitive feature is however
frequently imposing on him, someis somewhat diminished in
of the properties or features ofquality as compared with a
the object with aim of giving ansynonymous expression making a
individual perception and straightforward assertion of the
evaluation of these features or positive feature.
properties. The epithet is E. g. 1. It’s not a bad thing –
markedly subjective and It’s a good thing
evaluative. The logical 2. He is no coward – He is a
attribute is purely objective, brave man
non-evaluating. It is In both cases the negative
descriptive and indicates an construction is weaker than
inherent or prominent feature ofaffirmative one. But we can not
the thing or phenomenon in say that the two negative
question. constructions produce a lesser
Thus in green meadows, white effect than the corresponding
snow, round table and the like, affirmative ones. Moreover, it
the adjectives are more logical should be noted that the
attributes than epithets. They negative construction here have
indicate those qualities of the a stronger impact on the reader
objects which may be regarded asthan the affirmative ones. So
generally recognized. But in the negation in litotes should
wild wind, loud ocean, not be regarded as mere denial
heart-burning smile, the of the quality mentioned.
adjectives do not point to The stylistic effect of litotes
inherent qualities of the depends mainly ...
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